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International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
Kathmandu, Nepal
Food, Water, and Energy Security in
the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region:
A Nexus Perspective
International Workshop on Adaptations and Resilience
of Local Communities in the HKH, Hamburg, Germany
9th-11th October, 2011
Golam Rasul, Theme Leader, Livelihoods
Outline
1. Background & motivation
2. Nexus challenges
3. Different aspects of Nexus approach
4. Role of Himalayas in Nexus security
5. Challenge in sustaining HKH
ecosystems
6. Conclusions & Recommendations
1. Background and Motivation
Food, Water, Energy Security:
A common challenge
• Over 40% of the world's poor
live in SA
• Food-energy deficiency- 51%
• Growing water stress- 20%
lack access to safe drinking
water
• Food, Water & Energy
security is a common
challenge for SA
Food, Water, Energy Security: A
common challenge
• With 3% of land, SA has to feed 20% population
• Per capita agricultural land has been declining
• Population will reach 2.2 billion in 2050
• Cereal demand will increase from 241 476 million
MT in 2050
• Increased production needs to come from limited
or shrinking areas of cultivable lands
• Water demand for irrigation will increase about 70%
• Fertilizer demand will increase over 100%
Food, Water, Energy Security: A
common challenge
• About 7080% of agricultural production
depends on groundwater irrigation
• Electricity consumption in irrigation has
increased several times
• Food production highly sensitive & vulnerable to
climate changes
• Climate change likely to increase water & energy
demand for food production & land demand for
bio-fuel production
Food, Water, Energy Security: A
common challenge
• Himalayas major source of water & diverse
ecosystem service critical for
food, water, energy security in SA
• Inadequate understanding about the nexus
between food, water & energy in Upstream-
downstream context-
• Concept of Food, Water, Energy is critically
important for SA
Motivation of the study
• Missing link in the Nexus Discourse
– Role of Ecosystems in sustaining food, water, energy
security
– Regional dimensions- transboundary water
management
• Key motivation
– To understand the nexus between food, water &
energy in SA
• Role of the Himalayas ecosystem services in
addressing the growing challenges of water, energy
& food security.
• 2. Nexus Challenges
Nexus Challenges: Food Security
• Food production needs to be doubled in next 25
years
• Per capita agricultural land has been declining
• Rice & wheat- high water & energy demanding
• Increased production needs to come from limited or
shrinking areas of cultivable lands
• Intensification of agriculture has led to a great
dependence on water & energy
• Competition for land for food and bio-energy crops &
ecosystem services
Nexus Challenges: Water Security
• Growing water demand for
agriculture, energy, industry, human & livestock
• Uneven endowment of water resources
• Almost 90% water is consumed by the agriculture
sector
• About 20% of the population lack access to safe
drinking water
• Groundwater depletion: 70-80% of the agricultural
production depends on groundwater irrigation
• Water pollution – arsenic, water borne diseases, high
child mortality, poor human health, salinization
• Growing water stress- Pakistan, India
Challenges: Irrigation
Trend, Water Stress
Irrigated land as % of arable land, India
501
1841
4509
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
1965 1985 2002
Irrigated area in Bangladesh ‘000 ha
5.8
20.8
56
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1965 1985 2002
Irrigated land as % of arable
land, Bangladesh
25,523
40,637
57,178
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
1965 1985 2002
Irrigated area in India ‘000 ha
16
25
35
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1965 1985 2002
Challenges: Irrigation Trend, Water
Stress
77
673
1,135
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1965 1985 2002
4
29
36
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1965 1985 2002
Irrigated land as % of arable land, Nepal
Irrigated land in Nepal, ‘000 ha
11,139
15,548
17,810
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
1965 1985 2002
62.9
77.6
83
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1965 1985 2002
Irrigated land in Pakistan, ‘000 ha
Irrigated land as % of arable land, Pakistan
Challenges: Changing irrigation
sources in SA
Net irrigated area served by
groundwater (000' ha)
Groundwater
irrigation as % of
surface
irrigation in
2000-2001
1993-94 2000-
01
Change %
Key Indian
states
17,413 21,760 + 25 197
Pakistan 8760 10,340 18 276
Sindh 140 200 42.9
Bangladesh 2124 3462 63 721
Increased extraction of
groundwater has lowered
the groundwater table in
some parts of SA (Jaitly
2009).
Nexus Challenges: Energy Security
• Widening demand - supply gap
• 63% no electricity -65% use biomass for cooking
• Shortage of energy impedes economic growth
• Meeting growing energy demand for
agriculture, water, industry & other economic
activities
• High dependence on traditional sources, fossil
fuels, imported energy
• Reducing reliance upon fossil fuels & carbon
intensity
Nexus Challenge: Climate change
• Climate change is a major concern -
alterations in SA - temperature &
precipitation, melting Himalayan
glaciers, and degradation of natural
resources & environment
• Fresh water availability is projected
to decrease
• Increased frequency of extreme
events, drought, floods, variability
in climate, affecting monsoon
patterns
1990-2080
(% change)
World -0.6 to -0.9
Developed
Countries
2.7 to 9.0
Developing
Countries
-3.3 to -7.2
Southeast Asia -2.5 to -7.8
South Asia -18.2 to -22.1
Sub-Saharan Africa -3.9 to -7.5
Latin America 5.2 to 12.5
• 3. Different Aspects of Nexus Approach
Nexus Approach
• Nexus approach is a system-wise approach
• Provide a framework for assessing trade-offs &
synergies, resource use efficiency
• Support minimizing trade-offs, maximizing
synergies, generating additional benefits.
Different aspects of Food, Water, Energy and HKH
Ecosystem Interface
Himalayan Ecosystem Services
Provisioning Regulating Supporting Cultural
• Food, fodder, fuel
• Fresh water
• Minerals
• Raw materials
• Pollination
• Genetic resources
• Climate regulation
• Water regulation
• Biological control
• Disturbance regulation
• Regulating precipitation,
monsoon
• Recharging ground water
• Soil formation
• Erosion control
• Water retention
• Nutrient cycling,
movement
• Traditional
knowledge and
practices of
conservation
• recreation,
• Agro-biodiversity
Food and Agriculture
Water Energy
Enhanced
Food, Water
, Energy
Security
Food, water, Energy: Trade-off &
Synergies
• Competition
– Land - for food, energy, hydropower, ecosystem
– Water – for food, energy
– Energy - for agriculture, water
• Complementarities
– Agriculture contributes to energy-biomass, energy
crops, biofuels.
– Better agricultural practices > conserve watersheds
> water availability in dry season
– Good water management, e.g., irrigation efficiency
> reduce demand for water & energy
– Growing biofuels in unused land > energy
security, food security
Food, water, Energy: Trade-off &
Synergies
• Policy linkages
– Agric. Policy > water & energy demand
– Energy policy > energy & water demand
– Water policy > irrigation, agric., energy supply
– Energy prices may divert land for energy crops– affect
food security
• Challenge- minimize trade-offs, maximize
synergies
• Subsidizing energy for irrigation > agric production >
overexploitation of groundwater - threatened long-term
agricultural sustainability.
4. Role of Himalayas in
Food, Water, Energy Security in South
Asia
Himalayas – the water tower of Asia
Indo-Gangetic Plain- bread basket of
SA
• World’s largest
irrigated agriculture
in IGBP
• Rice-wheat system
produces the bulk of
the food-grains of
SA
Ground water recharge
•Himalayan watersheds are
natural storage of water
•Himalayas influences the
ground water condition of
IGBP - Recharge deep
aquifers
•IGBP is rich in ground water
– replenish by rainfall, snow
& ice melting & seepage
from Himalayan watershed
Monsoon Regulation
• Himalayas
regulates
micro-
climates, win
d &
monsoon
circulation,
Energy Security
• Himalayas have vital role in
energy security in SA
• Hydropower potential 500 GW
(Vaidya, 2012)
• Himalayas can provide access to
green energy
• Of the total hydropower potential in
India, 79% is in the Himalayan
region
• Micro-hydropower
Agriculture & Food Security
• Himalayas play significant role in agriculture &
food security in SA through
– Water supply-groundwater recharge
– Sustaining wetland ecosystems
– Maintaining biological diversity, agro-biodiversity
– Himalayan rivers carry soils & nutrients to downstream
– Himalayan river systems harbour richest fish biodiversity
– Connecting Himalayan headwaters with the sea
– Serve as biological corridors for migration of fish & other
aquatic species
– Supporting biological diversity & livelihoods.
Challenges of sustaining HKH
Ecosystems
• Degradation of natural resources-
forest, rangeland, soil, watershed, headwaters of
Himalayan rivers
• Environmental degradation- biodiversity
loss, ecosystem degradation, siltation, silting river
beds, declining ground water recharge, drying up
streams,
• Socio-economic impacts- topsoil loss, declining
productivity, water shortages, livelihoods
insecurity, food insecurity, energy insecurity
Conclusions
• Regional interdependencies of the food, water, energy
nexus in the HKH mountain systems & downstream.
• Inter-country coordination & collaboration is critical for long-
term solutions for food, water, and energy security in SA.
• Himalayan ecosystem services are vital to both upstream &
downstream food, water & energy security
• A basin-level approach is required to manage synergies &
trade-offs in food, water, & energy nexus.
• The Himalaya is a regional public good, it is common
interest & shared responsibility to protect the Himalayan
ecosystems
Recommendations
• Strengthen inter-sectoral coordination
• Recognize the role of HKH mountain
ecosystems, upstream-downstream interdependencies
• Optimum development & sustainable use of Himalayan
water for water, energy & food security
• Manage headwaters of the Himalayan rivers- Himalayan
watersheds, forests, rangelands & farmlands.
• Provide incentives to local communities for sustainable use
& management of the headwaters
Recommendations
• Provide alternative energy sources - to reduce black
carbon emissions
• Develop micro & macro hydropower optimally- identify
potential hydropower areas, demarcate fragile zones .
• Framework for regional cooperation for multiple uses
of water for
irrigation, energy, navigation, fisheries, domestic uses
& for benefit-sharing.
• Promote interdisciplinary research & a nexus
knowledge base to support decision-making in
managing trade-offs & promoting synergies
Thank you

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Food, water , energy nexus, presentation golam rasul, senior economist

  • 1. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu, Nepal Food, Water, and Energy Security in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region: A Nexus Perspective International Workshop on Adaptations and Resilience of Local Communities in the HKH, Hamburg, Germany 9th-11th October, 2011 Golam Rasul, Theme Leader, Livelihoods
  • 2. Outline 1. Background & motivation 2. Nexus challenges 3. Different aspects of Nexus approach 4. Role of Himalayas in Nexus security 5. Challenge in sustaining HKH ecosystems 6. Conclusions & Recommendations
  • 3. 1. Background and Motivation
  • 4. Food, Water, Energy Security: A common challenge • Over 40% of the world's poor live in SA • Food-energy deficiency- 51% • Growing water stress- 20% lack access to safe drinking water • Food, Water & Energy security is a common challenge for SA
  • 5. Food, Water, Energy Security: A common challenge • With 3% of land, SA has to feed 20% population • Per capita agricultural land has been declining • Population will reach 2.2 billion in 2050 • Cereal demand will increase from 241 476 million MT in 2050 • Increased production needs to come from limited or shrinking areas of cultivable lands • Water demand for irrigation will increase about 70% • Fertilizer demand will increase over 100%
  • 6. Food, Water, Energy Security: A common challenge • About 7080% of agricultural production depends on groundwater irrigation • Electricity consumption in irrigation has increased several times • Food production highly sensitive & vulnerable to climate changes • Climate change likely to increase water & energy demand for food production & land demand for bio-fuel production
  • 7. Food, Water, Energy Security: A common challenge • Himalayas major source of water & diverse ecosystem service critical for food, water, energy security in SA • Inadequate understanding about the nexus between food, water & energy in Upstream- downstream context- • Concept of Food, Water, Energy is critically important for SA
  • 8. Motivation of the study • Missing link in the Nexus Discourse – Role of Ecosystems in sustaining food, water, energy security – Regional dimensions- transboundary water management • Key motivation – To understand the nexus between food, water & energy in SA • Role of the Himalayas ecosystem services in addressing the growing challenges of water, energy & food security.
  • 9. • 2. Nexus Challenges
  • 10. Nexus Challenges: Food Security • Food production needs to be doubled in next 25 years • Per capita agricultural land has been declining • Rice & wheat- high water & energy demanding • Increased production needs to come from limited or shrinking areas of cultivable lands • Intensification of agriculture has led to a great dependence on water & energy • Competition for land for food and bio-energy crops & ecosystem services
  • 11. Nexus Challenges: Water Security • Growing water demand for agriculture, energy, industry, human & livestock • Uneven endowment of water resources • Almost 90% water is consumed by the agriculture sector • About 20% of the population lack access to safe drinking water • Groundwater depletion: 70-80% of the agricultural production depends on groundwater irrigation • Water pollution – arsenic, water borne diseases, high child mortality, poor human health, salinization • Growing water stress- Pakistan, India
  • 12. Challenges: Irrigation Trend, Water Stress Irrigated land as % of arable land, India 501 1841 4509 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 1965 1985 2002 Irrigated area in Bangladesh ‘000 ha 5.8 20.8 56 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1965 1985 2002 Irrigated land as % of arable land, Bangladesh 25,523 40,637 57,178 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 1965 1985 2002 Irrigated area in India ‘000 ha 16 25 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1965 1985 2002
  • 13. Challenges: Irrigation Trend, Water Stress 77 673 1,135 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1965 1985 2002 4 29 36 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1965 1985 2002 Irrigated land as % of arable land, Nepal Irrigated land in Nepal, ‘000 ha 11,139 15,548 17,810 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 1965 1985 2002 62.9 77.6 83 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1965 1985 2002 Irrigated land in Pakistan, ‘000 ha Irrigated land as % of arable land, Pakistan
  • 14. Challenges: Changing irrigation sources in SA Net irrigated area served by groundwater (000' ha) Groundwater irrigation as % of surface irrigation in 2000-2001 1993-94 2000- 01 Change % Key Indian states 17,413 21,760 + 25 197 Pakistan 8760 10,340 18 276 Sindh 140 200 42.9 Bangladesh 2124 3462 63 721 Increased extraction of groundwater has lowered the groundwater table in some parts of SA (Jaitly 2009).
  • 15. Nexus Challenges: Energy Security • Widening demand - supply gap • 63% no electricity -65% use biomass for cooking • Shortage of energy impedes economic growth • Meeting growing energy demand for agriculture, water, industry & other economic activities • High dependence on traditional sources, fossil fuels, imported energy • Reducing reliance upon fossil fuels & carbon intensity
  • 16. Nexus Challenge: Climate change • Climate change is a major concern - alterations in SA - temperature & precipitation, melting Himalayan glaciers, and degradation of natural resources & environment • Fresh water availability is projected to decrease • Increased frequency of extreme events, drought, floods, variability in climate, affecting monsoon patterns 1990-2080 (% change) World -0.6 to -0.9 Developed Countries 2.7 to 9.0 Developing Countries -3.3 to -7.2 Southeast Asia -2.5 to -7.8 South Asia -18.2 to -22.1 Sub-Saharan Africa -3.9 to -7.5 Latin America 5.2 to 12.5
  • 17. • 3. Different Aspects of Nexus Approach
  • 18. Nexus Approach • Nexus approach is a system-wise approach • Provide a framework for assessing trade-offs & synergies, resource use efficiency • Support minimizing trade-offs, maximizing synergies, generating additional benefits.
  • 19. Different aspects of Food, Water, Energy and HKH Ecosystem Interface Himalayan Ecosystem Services Provisioning Regulating Supporting Cultural • Food, fodder, fuel • Fresh water • Minerals • Raw materials • Pollination • Genetic resources • Climate regulation • Water regulation • Biological control • Disturbance regulation • Regulating precipitation, monsoon • Recharging ground water • Soil formation • Erosion control • Water retention • Nutrient cycling, movement • Traditional knowledge and practices of conservation • recreation, • Agro-biodiversity Food and Agriculture Water Energy Enhanced Food, Water , Energy Security
  • 20. Food, water, Energy: Trade-off & Synergies • Competition – Land - for food, energy, hydropower, ecosystem – Water – for food, energy – Energy - for agriculture, water • Complementarities – Agriculture contributes to energy-biomass, energy crops, biofuels. – Better agricultural practices > conserve watersheds > water availability in dry season – Good water management, e.g., irrigation efficiency > reduce demand for water & energy – Growing biofuels in unused land > energy security, food security
  • 21. Food, water, Energy: Trade-off & Synergies • Policy linkages – Agric. Policy > water & energy demand – Energy policy > energy & water demand – Water policy > irrigation, agric., energy supply – Energy prices may divert land for energy crops– affect food security • Challenge- minimize trade-offs, maximize synergies • Subsidizing energy for irrigation > agric production > overexploitation of groundwater - threatened long-term agricultural sustainability.
  • 22. 4. Role of Himalayas in Food, Water, Energy Security in South Asia
  • 23. Himalayas – the water tower of Asia
  • 24. Indo-Gangetic Plain- bread basket of SA • World’s largest irrigated agriculture in IGBP • Rice-wheat system produces the bulk of the food-grains of SA
  • 25. Ground water recharge •Himalayan watersheds are natural storage of water •Himalayas influences the ground water condition of IGBP - Recharge deep aquifers •IGBP is rich in ground water – replenish by rainfall, snow & ice melting & seepage from Himalayan watershed
  • 27. Energy Security • Himalayas have vital role in energy security in SA • Hydropower potential 500 GW (Vaidya, 2012) • Himalayas can provide access to green energy • Of the total hydropower potential in India, 79% is in the Himalayan region • Micro-hydropower
  • 28. Agriculture & Food Security • Himalayas play significant role in agriculture & food security in SA through – Water supply-groundwater recharge – Sustaining wetland ecosystems – Maintaining biological diversity, agro-biodiversity – Himalayan rivers carry soils & nutrients to downstream – Himalayan river systems harbour richest fish biodiversity – Connecting Himalayan headwaters with the sea – Serve as biological corridors for migration of fish & other aquatic species – Supporting biological diversity & livelihoods.
  • 29. Challenges of sustaining HKH Ecosystems • Degradation of natural resources- forest, rangeland, soil, watershed, headwaters of Himalayan rivers • Environmental degradation- biodiversity loss, ecosystem degradation, siltation, silting river beds, declining ground water recharge, drying up streams, • Socio-economic impacts- topsoil loss, declining productivity, water shortages, livelihoods insecurity, food insecurity, energy insecurity
  • 30. Conclusions • Regional interdependencies of the food, water, energy nexus in the HKH mountain systems & downstream. • Inter-country coordination & collaboration is critical for long- term solutions for food, water, and energy security in SA. • Himalayan ecosystem services are vital to both upstream & downstream food, water & energy security • A basin-level approach is required to manage synergies & trade-offs in food, water, & energy nexus. • The Himalaya is a regional public good, it is common interest & shared responsibility to protect the Himalayan ecosystems
  • 31. Recommendations • Strengthen inter-sectoral coordination • Recognize the role of HKH mountain ecosystems, upstream-downstream interdependencies • Optimum development & sustainable use of Himalayan water for water, energy & food security • Manage headwaters of the Himalayan rivers- Himalayan watersheds, forests, rangelands & farmlands. • Provide incentives to local communities for sustainable use & management of the headwaters
  • 32. Recommendations • Provide alternative energy sources - to reduce black carbon emissions • Develop micro & macro hydropower optimally- identify potential hydropower areas, demarcate fragile zones . • Framework for regional cooperation for multiple uses of water for irrigation, energy, navigation, fisheries, domestic uses & for benefit-sharing. • Promote interdisciplinary research & a nexus knowledge base to support decision-making in managing trade-offs & promoting synergies